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Smallpox vaccine being administered by the bifurcated needle. The bifurcated needle is a two-pronged, approximately 2.5-inch-long piece of steel, designed to hold freeze-dried smallpox vaccine between its two prongs. It can administer up to one hundred vaccinations out of just one vial of the freeze-dried vaccine. The established method of vaccination entailed that the needle be dipped in the vaccine, and then punctured into a person's upper left arm fifteen times to create a small circle. The most effective vaccination will result in a small drop of blood running down the vaccinated arm. Dr. Benjamin Rubin and Gus Chakros invented the bifurcated needle in 1961 as a means by which to deliver a smallpox vaccination. The bifurcated needle was invented as a more efficient and cost effective alternative to the jet injector