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Galileo Galilei. Portrait of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Italian astronomer and physicist. In 1610 he became the first person to use a telescope to make astronomical observations. He discovered the mountains on the Moon, the four largest moons of Jupiter and numerous dim stars. He studied the motion of a pendulum and found that the swings have a constant time period. He studied gravity, showing that heavy and light objects fall at the same rate. He supported the Copernican theory that the Sun was at the center of the solar system rather than the Earth. This belief was judged heretical by the Inquisition in 1633 and he was sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life.